Types of Damages That May Be Available in a Wrongful Death Claim
Jessica Nix • November 22, 2023
People often struggle with the concept of putting a dollar value on the life of another person, especially when that person is a spouse, child or parent. Accurately identifying and calculating damages is an unavoidable aspect of wrongful death claims, and it’s a vital step on the path to maximizing recovery for surviving family members.
Attempted Life-Saving Care
The medical expenses incurred in a serious accident are often present in wrongful death cases as well. Emergency services, rides in ambulances to hospitals, invasive surgeries and other medical treatments are often necessary as doctors attempt to save the injured person’s life.
Those bills remain even if the accident victim succumbs to their injuries. Families (and the health insurance company that paid for treatments) are still entitled to compensation for these expenses if a wrongful death claim succeeds. These costs can be substantial, and compensation helps alleviate the financial burden faced by the family.
Lost Wages and Benefits
One of the most significant impacts of losing a loved one is the loss of their financial contributions to the household. This includes not only the deceased's current income but also future earnings they would have provided in the years or decades left in their projected working life. Compensation can cover lost wages, benefits (such as health insurance and retirement savings) and even potential promotions or raises the deceased would have reasonably achieved.
Assorted Costs of Living
The loss of a spouse or parent goes beyond income; it affects the daily functioning of a household. Families may find themselves needing to pay for services the deceased used to handle. This can include childcare, housekeeping, lawn maintenance and other routine tasks. In a wrongful death claim, compensation for these added expenses acknowledges the myriad ways in which a family's life is disrupted and provides financial support to help them adjust to their new reality.
Pain and Suffering
How does the legal system assign a dollar amount to emotional trauma, psychological suffering and the sensation of pain?
There are a variety of potential valuation methods for pain and suffering. With the multiplier method, the total economic damages may be multiplied by a multiplier number (typically between one and five based on the severity of the pain and suffering).
With the per diem method, a daily rate is agreed to during negotiations, and then a number of days is multiplied by the rate to arrive at total pain and suffering damages. The number of days is usually based on the length of the injured person’s recovery, which isn’t usually applicable in wrongful death claims.
In wrongful death cases that go to a jury trial, it’s not uncommon for juries with wide discretion to decide on total pain and suffering damages after a case is decided.
Loss of Consortium and Its Valuation
Loss of consortium is a specific type of non-economic damage that refers to the loss of companionship, affection and partnership due to the wrongful death.
Loss of consortium is often considered separately from other pain and suffering damages. It specifically addresses the impact on the spouse's life, including loss of marital relations, companionship and emotional support.
The valuation of loss of consortium can be just as complex as other pain and suffering damages. It involves assessing the depth of the marital relationship, the life expectancy of the deceased and the extent to which the marital relationship fulfilled emotional, psychological and physical needs.
Families often benefit from a skilled and compassionate wrongful death team that can help develop a compelling case to establish the importance of the deceased and the totality of their impact on the lives of surviving members.
The Unique Case of a Child's Death
When a child tragically passes away, the wrongful death claim takes on a different character compared to the death of an adult wage earner. Since children typically do not contribute financially to a household, compensation in these cases often focuses on the non-economic loss suffered by the parents. This includes the profound emotional distress and loss of companionship. While putting a monetary value on such a loss is challenging, the law in Georgia allows parents to seek compensation for the intangible yet invaluable role a child plays in their life.
Our Wrongful Death Attorneys Will Fight for the Compensation Your Family Deserves
Proving a person’s death was caused by the negligent or malicious actions of another party isn’t the only challenge facing families filing wrongful death claims. It’s also necessary to justify maximum recovery for the totality of the consequences experienced by families.
The Law Office of Rickard, Drew & Nix understands how much you and your family may be depending on full and fair compensation, and we’ll aggressively pursue justice on your behalf. Call us at (404) 588-1001 for a free case evaluation.
A Complete Guide for Georgia Drivers If you live in Atlanta, you know how busy the roads can be. Between dense traffic on the connector, fast-moving interstates, packed city streets, and endless noise, many drivers want a quieter or clearer way to listen to music, calls, or navigation. Because of that, a common question comes up for Georgia drivers: is driving with headphones illegal? You may see people on I-285 wearing large headphones, or you might notice a driver in Midtown with earbuds in both ears. The behavior is common, especially for people who want better sound quality or who commute long distances. But Georgia has specific rules on this issue, and police officers in Atlanta take these rules seriously due to the high rate of distracted driving crashes across the region. This article breaks down everything you need to know about driving with headphones in Georgia. You will learn when it is illegal, when it is legal, how Atlanta police respond to headphone use, and why the law exists in the first place. The goal is to help you understand the rules in clear, simple language so you can avoid tickets, reduce distraction, and stay safe on Atlanta’s busy roads. Is Driving With Headphones Illegal in Georgia? Yes. In Georgia, it is illegal to drive while wearing headphones or earbuds in both ears. This rule applies throughout the state, including Atlanta, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Decatur, Marietta, and all surrounding counties. Georgia law treats headphones as a distraction that blocks a driver’s ability to hear essential sounds on the road. These include police sirens, ambulance signals, fire trucks, car horns, and other audio cues that help prevent car accidents . The law applies to: Over-ear headphones In-ear earbuds Wireless Bluetooth earbuds Wired headphones Headsets that cover both ears If the device blocks both ears, it violates Georgia law. The state’s position is firm: driving requires full awareness, and sound awareness is part of safe driving behavior. Why Georgia Bans Headphones for Drivers Georgia’s roads are fast, crowded, and unpredictable. Atlanta alone sees thousands of crashes every year, and distracted driving is one of the leading causes. Because of this, lawmakers took steps to reduce distractions that impair awareness. When asking is driving with headphones illegal, it helps to understand why the rule matters: Emergency Vehicles in Metro Atlanta Need Clear Roads Sirens must be heard quickly on crowded highways such as I-75, I-85, and I-285. Headphones can delay reaction time when an emergency vehicle approaches. Heavy Traffic Requires Strong Awareness Drivers in Atlanta often make sudden lane changes, quick turns, or abrupt stops. Hearing nearby cars helps prevent collisions. Pedestrian and Cyclist Activity Is High in the City Places like Midtown, Downtown, and Buckhead have heavy foot traffic. Drivers must detect sounds from pedestrians, scooters, and bikes. Distracted Driving is a Major Safety Concern in Georgia The state already enforces strong hands-free laws. Headphones fall under the same safety goals—reduce distraction, improve awareness, and prevent injury. Georgia’s approach is simple: if a device blocks a driver’s hearing, it creates risk. Is Driving With One Earbud Legal in Georgia? Yes. Georgia allows the use of one earbud only . The other ear must remain completely uncovered. With one ear open, the driver can still hear emergency vehicles, horns, and environmental sounds. But using both earbuds at once counts as a violation. This means: One Bluetooth earbud is legal Two Bluetooth earbuds are illegal One wired earbud is legal Two wired earbuds are illegal One side of a headset is legal Both sides covering the ears is illegal Even though one earbud is allowed, officers may still issue citations if the device distracts you or affects your awareness. Does Volume Affect the Law in Georgia? No. Volume does not change legality. Even if you use low volume, wearing headphones in both ears is still illegal. Georgia’s rule focuses on whether your ears are blocked, not how loud the device is. How Atlanta Police Enforce the Headphone Law Drivers throughout Atlanta report consistent enforcement of this law, especially in high-traffic areas. Atlanta police may pull you over if they see: Headphones covering both ears Earbuds in both ears A headset that blocks both ears A driver showing signs of distraction due to audio devices Police in areas such as Buckhead, Midtown, Downtown, Sandy Springs, and along major routes like Peachtree Street often monitor drivers closely because of heavy congestion and frequent emergency vehicle traffic. Can You Get a Ticket for Wearing Headphones While Driving in Georgia? Yes. Driving with headphones in both ears can lead to a citation. The ticket may involve a fine and may count as a moving violation depending on circumstances. Officers may issue tickets under: Driving with headphones that block both ears Distracted driving Failure to maintain lane Unsafe driving behavior Hands-free law violations if the device is used for calls If headphones contributed to any unsafe action, the charges may be more serious. Why Some Atlanta Drivers Still Wear Headphones Despite the law, you may still see drivers wearing headphones. Common reasons include: Noise Reduction Atlanta roads can be loud. Drivers try to block noise from traffic, construction, and city activity. Better Audio Quality Some people feel headphones offer clearer sound than older car speakers. Phone Calls on Long Commutes Drivers traveling across the metro area may use earbuds for work-related calls. Navigation Some drivers like clearer audio directions when navigating complex Atlanta interchanges. Privacy Drivers may prefer private audio instead of broadcasting sound through the car. But these reasons do not change the law. Georgia still requires drivers to keep at least one ear open. Headphones vs. Earbuds vs. Bone-Conduction Devices in Georgia Not all devices are treated the same. Georgia’s law focuses on whether the ears remain open. Over-Ear Headphones These fully cover the ear and are illegal if both ears are covered. Earbuds Earbuds block the ear canal. One is legal. Two are illegal. Bone-Conduction Headsets These rest on the cheekbone and leave the ear canal open. Most interpretations suggest they are legal because they do not block the ears, but officers may still evaluate distraction based on behavior. In-Car Speakers Always legal as long as the volume is reasonable. Drivers should use caution. Even if a device is technically allowed, distraction can still lead to a citation under general safety laws. Safety Risks of Wearing Headphones While Driving in Atlanta Traffic in Atlanta moves fast and often shifts without warning. Wearing headphones reduces your ability to respond. Key risks include: Delayed Response to Emergency Vehicles Sirens often appear behind you with little warning. Headphones can cause dangerous delays. Reduced Awareness of Fast Lane Changes Atlanta drivers frequently shift lanes without signaling. Sounds help you detect sudden movement. Road Noise Matters for Safety You know when someone is in your blind spot because you hear them. Headphones block these cues. Cognitive Distraction Listening through headphones can demand more attention than listening through car speakers. Tunnel Effect Headphones isolate you from the driving environment, which is unsafe in dense traffic. These risks explain why Georgia regulates headphone use for drivers. Driving With Headphones and Hands-Free Laws in Georgia Some drivers mistakenly assume that hands-free laws allow headphone use. But Georgia separates the two issues. Hands-free laws regulate phone handling. Headphone laws regulate ear obstruction. A device may be legal under hands-free rules but illegal under headphone rules if it blocks both ears. Does the Headphone Law Apply to Motorcycles and Bicycles in Georgia? Yes. Motorcyclists and bicyclists must also follow the one-ear rule. Motorcycle riders especially need clear awareness of sirens, engines, and traffic sounds on busy Atlanta roads. Many cities within the metro area have additional safety rules for bikes and scooters, and officers may cite riders if headphone use creates a hazard. What About Drivers With Hearing Loss? People with hearing impairments may use assistive devices, but these devices must not block both ears like full headphones. Hearing aids are allowed. However, any device that acts like a headphone still falls under the same restrictions. Drivers with hearing loss should keep documentation for medical devices in their vehicle if the device resembles a headset. Can You Fight a Headphone Ticket in Georgia? Yes, you may fight a citation. Reasons to contest include: You wore only one earbud Your device was bone-conduction The officer misinterpreted the device Your ear was not blocked You were stopped due to a misunderstanding However, if the device clearly covered both ears, fighting the ticket may be difficult. Safer Audio Alternatives for Atlanta Drivers If you want clear audio without risking a citation or causing distraction, consider these options: Use the Car Stereo or Bluetooth System Most cars in Atlanta have Bluetooth. This keeps your ears open. Use One Earbud Only Legal and safer than two earbuds. Use Bone-Conduction Devices These allow full environmental sound. Use a Phone Mount + Speaker Mode Your phone can play directions through its speaker while mounted safely. Upgrade Car Speakers Better sound reduces the urge to use headphones. These options improve safety while keeping you within Georgia’s laws. How Headphones Affect Car Accidents in Atlanta Accident investigators look for distraction indicators. Headphone use may be listed as a contributing factor when: The driver failed to hear a horn The driver did not notice an emergency vehicle The driver drifted between lanes The driver reacted slowly The driver failed to yield Insurance companies may reduce compensation if headphone use contributed to the crash. Summary: Is Driving With Headphones Illegal in Atlanta, GA? Here is the clear answer: Wearing headphones or earbuds in both ears is illegal in Georgia. One earbud only is legal. Volume does not affect legality. Police enforce this law throughout Atlanta. General distracted driving laws may still apply even with one ear free. The goal is road safety, awareness, and reduced distraction. Even if the law allowed headphones, Atlanta’s dense traffic makes awareness important. Driving without blocking your ears creates a safer environment for you and others on the road. Conclusion Driving in Atlanta comes with constant movement, loud noise, and unpredictable traffic patterns. With so much happening at once, keeping your ears open is essential. The question “is driving with headphones illegal?” has a clear answer in Georgia: you cannot drive with both ears covered. Whether you are heading through Midtown, taking I-75 to work, driving across the Perimeter, or commuting from the suburbs into the city, staying alert helps prevent accidents. Use in-car audio, keep at least one ear open, and avoid wearing headphones behind the wheel. You will stay legal, stay safer, and stay better prepared for whatever Atlanta traffic sends your way.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) changes a person’s life. Understanding spinal cord injury types helps you know your rights and options. This article explains the different types of spinal cord injury. It covers traumatic spinal cord injury types, types of paralysis in spinal cord injury, and different types of spinal cord injury by region and severity. If you or a loved one suffer an SCI due to an accident in Atlanta or elsewhere in Georgia, the right legal team matters. The Law Office of Rickard, Drew & Nix stands ready to help with personal injury claims involving SCIs. What is a Spinal Cord Injury? A spinal cord injury happens when damage interrupts signals between your brain and the rest of your body. The injury can arise from trauma (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, falls, sports) or non-traumatic causes (e.g., disease, infection). The effect depends on where the injury occurred and how severe it is. Because spinal cord injury types vary, understanding classification helps in medical care, rehabilitation, and legal claims. How Medical Professionals Classify Spinal Cord Injury Types When discussing types of spinal cord injury , medical professionals use a few key classification systems: location (level), severity (complete vs. incomplete), and mechanism (traumatic vs. non-traumatic). By Severity: Complete vs. Incomplete Complete spinal cord injury – No motor or sensory function remains below the level of the injury. Incomplete spinal cord injury – Some motor or sensory function remains below the injury. These categories form core traumatic spinal cord injury types when the injury comes from an external event like a crash. By Location or Level The spine divides into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. Each region corresponds to different body functions. Cervical injuries (C1-C8) affect neck region and often all four limbs. Thoracic injuries (T1-T12) impact chest, trunk, and legs. Lumbar injuries (L1-L5) involve lower back, hips, legs. Sacral injuries (S1-S5) affect hips, pelvic organs, some leg control. The location helps define different types of spinal cord injury and their expected functional outcomes. By Mechanism: Traumatic vs. Non-traumatic Traumatic spinal cord injury types refer to damage from external force (car crash, fall, sports, violence). Non-traumatic injuries result from internal causes (disease, infection, tumor). Together, these classification axes illustrate the broad spectrum of types of spinal cord injury . Specific Types of Spinal Cord Injury by Pattern Beyond location and severity, there are specific patterns of injury that define how the injury manifests. These are especially relevant in types of paralysis in spinal cord injury . 1. Anterior Cord Syndrome In this pattern, the front part (anterior) of the spinal cord is damaged. You lose motor control and loss of pain/temperature sensation below the injury. But you may keep light touch and vibration sense. 2. Central Cord Syndrome In this pattern, the center of the spinal cord is injured. It often results in greater weakness in the arms than the legs. Fine motor skills may suffer. 3. Brown-Séquard Syndrome This pattern occurs when one side of the spinal cord is damaged. One side of the body loses movement; the opposite side loses pain/temperature sensation. 4. Posterior Cord Syndrome Rare, but involves damage to the back (posterior) of the spinal cord. Results include loss of proprioception (sense of body position), but strength and pain sensation may be preserved. These patterns highlight how different types of spinal cord injury produce different functional deficits. Types of Paralysis in Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis patterns vary depending on the injury’s location and severity. Here are common types of paralysis seen with SCIs. Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia) Injuries of the cervical spine often produce tetraplegia, also called quadriplegia. This means paralysis of arms, legs, and torso, and possible breathing impairment. Paraplegia Injuries of the thoracic, lumbar or sacral spinal cord often result in paraplegia. Movement and sensation in the legs (and sometimes trunk) are lost; arms remain functional. Triplegia Less common. Paralysis of both legs and one arm. Often due to an incomplete injury. Other Functional Losses Even if full paralysis does not occur, SCIs may impair bladder/bowel control, sexual function, autonomic regulation (blood pressure, temperature). Understanding these types of paralysis in spinal cord injury is critical for prognosis, rehabilitation plans, and legal claims. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Types: Causes and Effects When an SCI results from trauma, it may involve fractures, dislocations, stretching, or compression of the spinal cord. The legal implications in Atlanta or Georgia for such injury types are substantial. Causes of Traumatic SCI Common causes include motor vehicle collisions, falls, sports injuries, acts of violence. When someone else’s negligence causes the accident, the victim may have a claim. Effects Based on Level and Severity A high cervical trauma may lead to tetraplegia and respiratory issues. A lower lumbar injury may allow leg movement but affect walking and bowel/bladder. The higher or more severe the injury, the greater the cost of care and need for lifetime support. Legal and Insurance Considerations Victims of traumatic spinal cord injury types often face high medical bills, long-term care needs, loss of earning capacity. Identifying the exact type of injury helps quantify damages and liability. Different Types of Spinal Cord Injury by Region Breaking down by spine region clarifies how damage yields specific functional losses. Cervical Region Injuries Damage at C1-C8 vertebrae. Affects arms, hands, trunk, legs, and often breathing. Persons may require ventilator support if very high (C1-C4). This region holds the most serious risks. Thoracic Region Injuries Damage at T1-T12. Typically affects trunk and legs, may influence balance and posture. Arms typically remain unaffected. Lumbar Region Injuries Damage at L1-L5. Affects hips, legs, feet. Upper body strength usually intact. Mobility may be impacted. Bladder and bowel control may suffer. Sacral Region Injuries Damage at S1-S5. Impacts hips, pelvic organs, some leg/foot function. Walking may still be possible in some cases. Bladder and bowel control often impaired. Thus, when reviewing different types of spinal cord injury , the region defines what functions are lost and what needs arise in care or legal strategy. Why the Type Matters for Recovery and Legal Rights Medical Recovery Type and level of SCI determine rehabilitation strategy, prognosis, and general outcome. Those with incomplete injuries often have better recovery potential than complete injuries. Flint Rehab+1 Legal and Compensation Considerations For claim evaluations, knowing the type of SCI helps estimate future care costs, loss of income, disability. In Atlanta or Georgia where the Law Office of Rickard, Drew & Nix serves, proving the type and severity of the injury strengthens the legal case. Insurance and Liability Insurers evaluate injury type to decide settlement value. Lawyers must document how the injury type arose, how it impacts life, and link liability to the cause (accident, negligence, etc.). How to Work with Your Legal Team After an SCI If you suffer a spinal cord injury from negligence, you should take steps to protect your rights. Seek immediate medical care. Do not delay treatment. Document the incident: photos, witness names, accident report. Ask for a full diagnosis including the exact type of spinal cord injury (complete/incomplete, region, syndrome pattern). Contact a law firm experienced with spinal cord injury cases in Georgia. The Law Office of Rickard, Drew & Nix can review your case. Keep track of all costs: hospital bills, rehab, assistive equipment, modifications to home, lost wages. Understand your legal options: personal injury claim, negligence action, seeking full compensation. Know that the specific type of injury (e.g., incomplete cervical injury with partial arm/leg function) impacts long-term costs and recovery expectations. FAQs Q1: What are the most common types of spinal cord injury? The most common classification splits injuries into complete and incomplete . Complete injuries mean no signal passes below the injury site. Incomplete injuries mean some function remains. Another common categorization is by region: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. Q2: How do traumatic spinal cord injury types differ from non-traumatic ones? Traumatic injuries result from an external force—such as a crash or fall. Non-traumatic injuries come from internal factors—such as disease, infection, or degeneration. The legal implications often differ: traumatic injuries often involve liability from an accident, whereas non-traumatic may involve medical condition issues. Q3: What are the types of paralysis in spinal cord injury? Paralysis types include: Tetraplegia/Quadriplegia – all four limbs impacted, usually cervical injury. Paraplegia – lower body impacted, usually thoracic/lumbar/sacral injury. Triplegia – both legs and one arm, often incomplete injury. Each type arises from different injury levels and severity. Q4: How does the region of injury affect recovery and daily life? The higher (closer to the brain) the injury, the greater the potential impact. A cervical injury may affect arms, legs, trunk, and even breathing. Lower injuries (lumbar, sacral) may affect legs and control of bladder/bowel but spare arms and upper body. Knowing the region helps plan for rehabilitation, home modification, assistive devices, and legal damages. Q5: Why does knowing the exact type of spinal cord injury matter for a legal claim? Because the type dictates the extent of disability, care needs, loss of income, and life-long costs. In a legal claim, your attorney will need precise medical information including whether the injury is complete or incomplete, what level of the spine is involved, and what functional losses exist. The clearer the medical picture, the stronger your claim for full compensation. Conclusion Understanding spinal cord injury types, including types of spinal cord injury, traumatic spinal cord injury types, types of paralysis in spinal cord injury, and different types of spinal cord injury, is essential for anyone facing an SCI. If you or a loved one have suffered a spinal cord injury in Atlanta or elsewhere in Georgia due to someone else’s negligence, you need expert legal help. At the Law Office of Rickard, Drew & Nix, we specialise in serious injury cases including spinal cord injuries. We will examine your specific injury type, gather the medical evidence, assess your losses, and fight for full compensation. Contact us today for a free consultation.
Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition where concussion symptoms continue long after the initial head injury has healed. While most concussions resolve within a few weeks, some people experience headaches, dizziness, cognitive problems, and sensory sensitivity for months—or even years. If your symptoms persist and disrupt your daily life, getting an accurate medical diagnosis is crucial, and that includes proper ICD‑10 coding. This guide explains the post-concussion syndrome ICD‑10 code (F07.81), what PCS looks like, how it’s diagnosed, and why accurate documentation matters for treatment, insurance claims, and legal cases. What Is the ICD‑10 Code for Post-Concussion Syndrome? The ICD‑10 code for post-concussion syndrome is F07.81. Doctors, neurologists, and hospitals use F07.81 to document PCS in medical records, insurance claims, and referrals. This code indicates that a patient is experiencing ongoing symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion. PCS symptoms may include: Chronic tension-type headaches Dizziness or balance problems Difficulty concentrating Short-term memory issues Irritability or mood changes Fatigue Sleep problems Light or noise sensitivity Accurate ICD coding helps ensure patients receive appropriate diagnostic testing, rehabilitation, and follow‑up care. What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? Post-concussion syndrome happens when concussion symptoms last beyond the normal recovery window, which is usually 2–6 weeks. Instead of improving steadily, PCS symptoms can linger or worsen over time. Common PCS symptoms include: Physical symptoms Headaches Nausea Fatigue Balance issues Sleep disruption Sensory symptoms Light sensitivity Noise sensitivity Blurred or double vision Vertigo Cognitive symptoms Slowed thinking Difficulty focusing Trouble organizing thoughts Memory problems Emotional or behavioral symptoms Anxiety Irritability Mood swings Restlessness Depression Some people recover within months, while others experience symptoms for years. How Long Do Post-Concussion Symptoms Last? Most concussion symptoms fade in a few weeks. PCS symptoms can last months or years, depending on: Severity of the initial injury Number of past concussions Pre‑existing anxiety, depression, or ADHD Age and overall health Quality of medical care and rehabilitation Some people also experience delayed symptoms—issues that appear weeks after the injury rather than immediately. Common Causes of Post-Concussion Syndrome PCS can develop after any incident involving head trauma or rapid head movement. Common causes include: Auto Accidents Rear-end collisions, sideswipe accidents, T-bone impacts, and rollovers can all cause concussions—even without a direct blow to the head. Truck Accidents Truck collisions often involve high force, creating a greater risk of long-term PCS symptoms. Motorcycle Accidents Riders and passengers are especially vulnerable to brain injuries due to minimal physical protection. Pedestrian Accidents Even low‑speed vehicle impacts can cause a pedestrian to strike their head or experience acceleration‑deceleration trauma. Slip and Fall Accidents A slip, trip, or fall can cause the head to hit the ground or another object, leading to brain injury. Workplace Accidents Falls from ladders, machinery incidents, and falling objects commonly cause concussions on job sites. Sports-Related Injuries Football, soccer, hockey, and other contact sports carry a higher risk of mild TBIs and repeated head trauma. How Is Post-Concussion Syndrome Diagnosed? PCS diagnosis usually includes: Medical history review Neurological exams Balance and coordination testing Cognitive assessments Neuropsychological testing Imaging (CT or MRI) to rule out structural injuries While imaging scans often appear normal in PCS patients, they are used to exclude more serious conditions. Treatment Options for Post-Concussion Syndrome PCS treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and improving daily functioning. Common treatments include: Medical treatment Medications for headaches or mood disorders Sleep regulation strategies Pain management Rehabilitation Cognitive therapy Physical therapy Vestibular therapy for dizziness Vision therapy Balance training Mental health care Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Counseling for anxiety, depression, or PTSD Lifestyle modifications Rest and gradual return to normal activity Reduced screen time Controlled exercise programs Many patients improve significantly with structured, multidisciplinary care. Can Post-Concussion Syndrome Be Permanent? PCS is usually temporary, but a small percentage of patients experience long-term or chronic symptoms. With proper medical intervention, most people see meaningful improvement over time. When Is PCS Caused by Negligence? PCS may be linked to a preventable injury caused by another person’s carelessness, such as: A distracted or reckless driver A negligent truck operator A property owner who failed to fix a hazard An employer who ignored known safety risks When negligence causes a concussion that develops into PCS, victims may have the right to pursue compensation for medical bills, lost income, pain, emotional distress, and long-term care. FAQ: Post-Concussion Syndrome ICD‑10 & PCS What is the ICD-10 code for post-concussion syndrome? The ICD‑10 code is F07.81 , used to document PCS in medical and insurance records. What symptoms qualify as post-concussion syndrome? Persistent headaches, dizziness, sensory sensitivity, cognitive problems, fatigue, and emotional changes lasting weeks or months after a concussion. Can PCS develop even after a mild concussion? Yes. Even mild TBIs can lead to long-term symptoms. How long does PCS last? PCS lasts anywhere from a few months to several years, depending on the injury and individual circumstances. Do I need a lawyer for PCS caused by an accident? If another party’s negligence caused your injury, a personal injury lawyer can help you pursue compensation for economic and non-economic losses. Contact Us Today If you’re experiencing symptoms of post-concussion syndrome and believe your injury was caused by negligence, you don’t have to navigate the medical and legal process alone. Our team helps clients secure the medical care and financial compensation they need to move forward. Contact us today for a free consultation.